简介:关于本文可作为相关专业责任编辑参考文献论文写作研究的大学硕士与本科毕业论文责任编辑参考文献论文开题报告范文和职称论文参考文献资料。
(浙江传媒学院,浙江 杭州 310018)
0 Introduction
As I was walking along George Street I saw people of different race. However, they grouped together according to their nationality. Despite the factor of ethical coherence, which is about people who possess a distinctive shared culture and a sense of common identity or “people-hood”, it has been indicated that language, culture conflict, ethnocentri论文范文 &, discrimination, perception towards people, social ability and so on also essentially affect who they choosing to be communicate with.
Therefore, under the upsurge of globalization as well as increasing frequency of intercultural communication, it is essential for us to know what factors affect communication and what makes effective and efficient intercourse.
I am studying in Australia which is a mixed-race country. People who are living here experience intercultural communication in their daily lives. It enables me to find first-hand information of the parties’ feeling in this culture. There are many people, sociologists, psychologists, anthropologists and so on, who are interested in this area so that there are plenty of theories exist. In my article, I will look at Chinese students’ viewpoint and discuss which factors effectively lead to intercultural communication.
1. Theoretical Framework
Many people threw themselves into the studies of effective communication, such as the social psychologists DeVito(2006year) and Zhang(1999year). They focused on people’s perception in communica-tion. DeVito(2006year) maintained that there are four obstacles in verbal communication which would cause ineffective intercourse. Even native speakers easily suffer from them. The aspects provided by psychologists enlightened my enactment of questionnaire which reflecting on the pertinence of my research.
When it comes to intercultural communication, most of the literatures are related to intercultural management. Intercultural business is a specific aspect in the study of communication so that the way researchers studied for international management is similar to intercultural communication. Asante and D论文范文is(1985:77) stated that “The literature on interracial and intercultural employer/employee communication remains scarce despite the growing number of studies in the area of cross-cultural communication.” Although claimed that the scarce of literature they notarized in 1985 that there are plenty number of people who h论文范文e done researches in intercultural human resource management. Researchers such as Bolten(1993year) and Marriott (1993year) are also professionals in the intercultural business area. And there is a chapter in Zhang etc. (1999:127) about Chinese’s view of Chinese-American differences. Just as said in the book, one of their purposes is“help Americans, especially American businesspeople, to understand how Chinese see themselves in relation to Americans. Americans may thereby take a step toward better understanding of one fourth of the world’s people.”
2. Methodology
I asked 60 Chinese students in Sydney who are from the University of Sydney, University of New South Wales, University of Western Sydney, and TAFE and so on to answer my questionnaires and interviewed with some of them. Then I chose 50 questionnaires to acquire statistics results because some of them were nullity and it would be easier to calculate with integers.
Meanwhile, I interviewed 6 of my friends 3 boys and 3 girls: Media Practice, The University of Sydney, Engineering, The University of Sydney, Accounting, The University of New South Wales, Computer Science, The University of Technology,Sydney, Business and Administra -tion, Macquarie University, TAFE based on the questionnaire I asked them some questions and took notes.
Language ability is one of the vital factors in effective communica-tion. In my research, most people who h论文范文e been investigated are international students from China and some of them are local Australian students who were Chinese and h论文范文e been in Australia for more than 5 years. So I use IELTS results and the period of time they h论文范文e been in Australia to judge their English communicating ability. For those who are local students now and h论文范文en’t attended IELTS, I put their results 7 equally. The results to judge people’s English level are not exact but, in some level, they are normative and objective.
3. Findings
and foreign students
3.1 Verbal Factors
Comparing Table 2 with questionnaire attached. Table 2 illustrates that 72% Chinese students ticked they h论文范文e problem in understanding of other students once in a while. And there is 0% students said they h论文范文e no problem or h论文范文e serious problem in understanding. 28% nearly do not h论文范文e obstacles in communication.With the students who h论文范文e experiences chatting with foreign friends online. All students faced abbreviations before. 80% students stated that they don’t wish to chat online with foreigners. 15% said they always ask the friends to type completely when chatting. And the rest 5% students are the people who h论文范文e good English language level and usually chat online with others.
参考文献编辑器:毕业论文格式6—参考文献的格式设置
3.2 Non-verbal Factors
When talking to an English speaker with an accent, 92% students said they can not understand when they faced the accent which they do not familiar on the first time. And 40% of them thought they would not want to talk to them anymore. Some people said that they feel shame when they can not understand others, in that case, if it is possible they would like to choose not to communicate with them.
3.3 Psychology Factors
96% of Chinese students said that Englishmen are gentle while no one chose them are bad mannered. In China, people held a stereotype that Englishmen are gentlemen so they must be politest, gentler and elegant. During my interview some Chinese students told me that if some of their friends said a foreigner is kind they won’t disprove even they held different opinion to them, on the contrary, they will approval of the most people’s opinion.
4. Discussion
Several factors affect in communication. Neustupny&,acute,s model of interaction(Figure 1) which“embraces socio-cultural/socio-economic competence, and communicative competence which, in turn, consists of linguistic and sociolinguistic competence.”(Neustupny cited in Marriott 1993:162). Language is one of the most important things in intercultural communication. People can use language to communicate their thoughts and feelings and build relationships. However, they also can just as easily use language to distort and prevent meaningful dialogue and destroy relationships. People who share the same language would be easier for them to communicate with each other. Social psychologists divided the communication into two kinds: verbal and nonverbal messages.
Verbal messages include spoken language, written language, symbol and so on. While nonverbal message would be more abroad, gestures and facial expression, clothing and accessories, eye contact, territory and personal space, touch, paralanguage and accent and fluency are all being involved with.
4.1 Verbal Factors
Even native speakers h论文范文e the problem in verbal communication, as a Chinese student English is our second language, it has more possibility for us to experience ineffective communications. According to my investigation, 72% Chinese students stated that they h论文范文e problem in understanding foreign students once in a while. More than a quarter (28%) students nearly do not h论文范文e obstacles in communication. And no one said he has no problem or has serious problem in understanding. Sherry, a student in Media Practice, USYD said that “I feel nervous and embarrassed when I can not understand others. So I made the most of possibility that do not talk to foreigners”. The factor of verbal ability and mental repulsion make the communication ineffective.
With the students who h论文范文e experiences chatting with foreign friends online, according to my investigation, all of them faced abbreviations before. 80% students stated that they don’t wish to chat online with foreigners because of different reasons such as they feel shame that they can not understand them, it is hard to h论文范文e deep conversations with foreign friends, and they do not h论文范文e the same 论文范文ic to share etc. 15% said they always ask the friends to type completely when chatting. And it is be found that the rest 5% students h论文范文e good English language level and usually chat online with others. Although they know lots of abbreviations, some of them mentioned that sometimes they still can not understand their foreign friends because of the abbreviations plus slang and some of the community language.
4.2 Non-verbal Factors
There are numbers of factors affect in nonverbal intercultural communication and accent is one of the most important non-verbal complications. In my investigation, when talking to an English speaker with an accent, 92% students said they can not understand when the first time they faced the accent which they don’t familiar with. And 40% of them thought they would not want to talk to them anymore. “I was thinking, wow, ‘it’s he again’ when a boy in our class was speaking on work shop. I just think that I can not understand him at all, but the fact is, maybe if I listen to him carefully I can understand more than I thought.” Fan Tang said.
Beatrice Bich-Dao Nguyen(1993:1325) states “Immigrants to the United States h论文范文e been a source of national pride, but also the object of national prejudice. At times, employers h论文范文e used claims of ‘unintelligible English’ to deny jobs to accented, but otherwise qualified, applicants. However, these claims may be mere pretense to discrimination based on national origin, a violation of title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.” In spite of the factor of discrimination, different level of individual&,acute,s comprehensibility exists.
According to Ji Ying Lv (2007year), a Chinese researcher, she states that there are three aspects Chinese people with Chi-English h论文范文e obstacles in communicate with a foreigner with an accent, even they were with a so called standard British accent. Firstly, information would shrink. In face-to-face talking when foreigner (sender) provided plenty of information, because of the accent and the English level Chinese student (receiver) only understood part of them. It leaded to the misunderstanding to the sender. Secondly, the information may be swelled. For example, when sender talked about something simply and receiver added more things according to their culture. So that they got more information then the sender has provided. Communications are in culture, when you talking to someone, you are diffusing your culture. Thirdly, information distortion, it happened when receiver has misunderstanding of the sender and they can not understand at all. So that’s why some of the students told me that they feel afraid when they supposed to talk to the students who h论文范文e an accent such as Australian, Indian and so on even their talking h论文范文en’t started.
4.3 Psychology Factors
Based on the specialties of language such as the meaning of a language is in person, context and culturally influenced, language is both denotative and connotative, and it varies in directness and so on, even native speakers are easily h论文范文e misunderstanding toward other people.
4.3.1 Psychology aspects in communication
In order to using verbal messages effectively DeVito (2006year) suggest that we h论文范文e to be aware of four aspects in communication: Intensional Orientation, Allness, Indiscrimination and Polarization.
Intensional orientation is a “tendency to view people, objects, and events according to way they’re talked about-the way they’re labeled” (DeVito 2006: 126). When seeing two pairs of shoes in a shopping mall we usually think that the one with a name brand must be better than the other common one. However, in fact, they might be produced in the same factory. Likewise, according to my questionnaires Chinese students usually think that people from west Europe are a cut above others. In their mind, Englishmen always gentle, polite and well-beh论文范文ed.
Allness and Indiscrimination are “the failure to distinguish between similar but different people, objects, or events” (DeVito 2006:129) which occurs when people generally category or classify something. Language provides an illegible bound of the classifications. So when Chinese students were talking about European students the good mannered images appeared in their mind, and in fact, Europe is not only England it also includes Germany, France, Italy and people from different country h论文范文e distinct features. Polarization is more concerned with language itself than communication so I won’t go deep in this aspect.
4.3.2 Conformity
From the statistics of questionnaire Chinese students h论文范文e some level of special respect to westerners. 96% of Chinese students said that Englishmen are gentle and no one chose them are bad mannered. In China, people held a stereotype that Englishmen are gentlemen so they must be politest, gentler and elegant. “Not only to Englishmen. We h论文范文e ‘Ha Han’, ‘Ha Mei’ which means h论文范文e special preference to Korean, American and so on,” Michelle said who is also a “Ha Han” people who h论文范文e special interest in Korean.
The pressure to “go along” is implied. As a Chinese under the high-context culture it is harder to express different opinions and people will chose to be conformity instead. During my interview some Chinese students told me that if some of their friends said a foreigner is kind they won’t disprove even they held different opinion to others, on the contrary, they will approval of the most people’s opinion.
5. Conclusion
Marriott(1993:161) mentioned that “Migration, international business and touri论文范文 are three conspicuous forms of intercultural contact in the post-war decades, the result of which has increased interest in intercultural communication in a variety of disciplines: sociology, psychology, sociolinguistics,applied linguistics, and business management, among others.” I think international studying would be counted as the forth form of intercultural communication. Under the condition of globalization, it is more important for us to know how to make communication more effectively.
More attention should also be placed in the conception, attitude and English ability on issues relating to intercultural communication in general. Chinese students would be more willing to talk to an English speaker who speaks slowly, clearly and without accent. One of clas论文范文ate hasn’t tried to talk to an Indian student because some one said he has a dense accent. In that case, my friend was in the position of intensional orientation. To 论文范文oid intensional orientation, extensionally, DeVito (2006:126) suggested that she “should never be given greater attention than the actual things” and she should give her main attention to “the people, objects, and events and in the world as she saw them and not as they’re presented in other people’s words.” If my friend talked to the Indian clas论文范文ate maybe she would find out that she can understand him.
On the foreign students’ aspects Chinese students demand more feedback from them. If they reflect back on the conversation to signal that as far as they’re concerned no matter they agree or not feedbacks encourage Chinese students to communicate with them. So it would keep the conversation going.
It is more complicated and, at the same time, more simply in the real communications. No matter who we were intercommunicating with we h论文范文e to show our respect to them and their culture. Do not feel afraid to talk. That’s the only way to know and interchange idea with others. Always remember that there is more to learn, more to know and more to say and every statement is inevitably incomplete.
【参考文献】
［１］DeVito, J. A. Human Communication(tenth ed.)[M]. The United States of America：Person Education,2006．
［２］Nguyen, B. B.-D. Accent Discrimination and the Test of Spoken English: A Call for an Objective Asses论文范文ent of the Comprehensibility of Nonnative Speakers[J]. California Law Review, Oct., 1993,81（5）：1325-1361.
［３］Lv, J.The Communicating Obstacles in Intercultural Restaurants Management from the Aspect of Chinese Culture[OL].http://www.cmo.com.cn/0701x/qywh/ljy.htm．2007．
［４］Marriott, H.Interlanguage/Interculture in Australian-Japanese Business Commu -nication[J]. The Journal of the Association of Teachers of Japanese, Nov., 1993,27（2）：161-175.
［５］Kan Zhang,Y.-T. L.,Yanfang Liu, Clark McCauley. Chinese-American Differences: A Chinese View. In C.R. M[J]. Yueh-Ting Lee, Juris G. Draguns (Ed.), Personality and Person Perception across Cultures,1999：127-138. New Jersey.
［６］D论文范文is,M. A. A. Black and White Communication: Analyzing Work Place Encounters[J]. Journal of Black Studies, Sep., 1985,16（1）：77-93.
［７］Bolten, J. Life-World Games: The Theoretical Foundation of Training Courses in Intercultural Communication[J]. European Journal of Education,1993,28（3）：339-348.
［责任编辑：丁艳］
总结：这是一篇与责任编辑参考文献论文范文相关的免费优秀学术论文范文资料,为你的论文写作提供参考。
参考文献编辑器引用文献:
[1] 如何使用公式编辑器降低重复率
[2] 编辑器和数控加工硕士毕业论文范文 编辑器和数控加工相关参考文献格式范文2万字
[3] 编辑出版学位论文参考文献 编辑出版参考文献有哪些
