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Assessing Emergent Business IT Using the Web of System Performance
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Abstract: [9pt, bold, the first letter should be capitalized] Businesses must often decide whether to purchase emergent technology in various states of maturity. Purchasing immature technology can h论文范文e serious consequences for a business, but equally not purchasing new technology can invoke intangible opportunity losses that are equally costly in the long term.?Businesses that don't upgrade their IT can go out of business, but upgrading every time can be equally disastrous. [9pt]
Keywords: keyword1, keyword2, keyword3, keyword4 [9pt]
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INTRODUCTION[10pt, capitalized, bold]
The use of information technology (IT) has bee a primary survival factor for business organizations in a global petitive environment. However just as IT can make money for business, it can also lose money, as IT has bee a major corporate expenditure.厖
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引言部分请清楚表述研究背景和研究问题.
WHY A NEW THEORY OFINFORMATION SYSTEMPERFORMANCE? [10pt, capitalized, bold]
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In the infancy of software development, designers held functionality (what the system does to the world) as the primary goal of software development. This is because at that time, software was just a tool, as say a hammer is a tool. As information systems developed however, they not only became more plex, but also less passive and more active systems in their own right. IS today works with the user not just for the user, and now enables a virtual online society that could span the globe. Hence functionality has bee an insufficient indicator of information system performance. The main battle against functionality as the prime directive of system designers was carried out by the proponents of usability, human-factors and human-puter interaction, supported by theoretical frameworks such as the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). These views presented ease of use as equal to usefulness in determining user acceptance of a system [1], e.g. if a web site performs well functionally, but users don't like it and click on to other sites, then it is a failure. Functional failure and usability failure it was noted h论文范文e the same effect – the system does not run！
WHAT IS A SYSTEMS APPROACH? [10pt, capitalized, bold]
Nearly forty years ago Bertalanffy noted that certain mathematical formulas repeated across many disciplines like chemistry, physics and biology [2], which used the same formulae to describe pletely different things. Hence was borne the idea of studying a "system" without referencing what type of system it was.
Computer systems seem systems in a general sense [3], so a hardware puter system of chips and circuits is also a software system of information exchanges, and today also the human-puter bination [4], e.g. a plane is mechanical, its puter controls are informational, but the plane plus pilot is also a system – a human-puter system. Human-puter interaction (HCI) sees puters as more than just technology (hardware and software). Table 1 summarizes the four puter system levels, matching the idea of an information system (IS) as hardware, software, people, and business processes[5]. The levels are different views of the same system not different systems, and match disciplines of Engineering, Computing, Psychology and Sociology, respectively.
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Table 1. Information system levels Level Examples Discipline Social Norms, culture, laws, zeitgeist, sanctions, roles Sociology Cognitive Semantics, attitudes, beliefs, opinions, ideas, morals Psychology Information Software programs, data, bandwidth, memory, processing Computing Mechanical Hardware, puter, telephone, FAX, physical space Engineering
WHAT DOES THE FIGURE REPRESENT? [10pt, capitalized, bold]
In the web of system performance (Figure1):
Web area represents system performance in general, so a bigger the area means a greater system performance potential.
Web shape represents the goal criterion weights, which vary with the environment, e.g. a threat environment may mean security has more weight.
Web lines represent goal tensions, imagined as connecting rubber bands that can pull back one performance dimension as another increases.
HOW ARE THE DIMENSIONS EDFINED? [10pt, capitalized, bold]
Ideas seem similar to Alexander's synthesis of form. [10pt, no capitalized, bold]
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Yes, this model merely applies Alexander's theory to IS. Over forty years ago Alexander noted th
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e "tension" problems of physical world system design [5]. Since then, his architectural pattern theory has been applied to information systems (IS) and object orientated (OO) design. Design tensions arise when physical systems posed of parts h论文范文e multiple contextual demands. For example, in a simple machine such as a vacuum cleaner, each part, like the engine, can be designed for its specific function by using the best materials. Specialized materials allow a powerful engine, with more suction, but this may also create more noise, heat and weight, making the vacuum harder to use. Part specialization may also mean more plex joints that fail easier, reducing reliability. Finally, customizing parts can increase manufacturing material diversity, raising costs.[All equations should be placed on separate lines and numbered consecutively, with the equation numbers placed within parentheses and aligned against the right margin as shown in equation (1).
Min C 等于 (1)
Be sure that the symbols in your equation h论文范文e been defined before the equation appear or immediately following. ]
Is WOSP useful for system evaluation as well as system design? [10pt, no capitalized, bold]
Yes, it can be used as a process-oriented design framework for system developers, or a product-oriented evaluation framework for system users/buyers. The mon concept of system performance connects the two fields: generally designers want to produce high performance systems, and likewise users want to buy them.
Reason A
Design then, is the art of synthesizing "forms" to reconcile contradictory contextual demands, e.g. vacuums that are both lightweight and powerful. "Patterns" are generic solutions to design conflicts that repeat: "Each pattern describes a problem which occurs over and over again in our environment, and then describes the core of the solution to that problem." [6]. If problems repeat, it makes sense to re-use succes论文范文ul solutions. The logic applies as well to IS design as it does to physical design.
CONCLUSIONS[10pt, capitalized, bold]
Supply chain coordination has bee the key strategic area that has direct impact over the success of any enterprise in today's highly petitive business environment.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT[10pt, capitalized, bold]
This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 70572071.
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REFERENCES[9pt, capitalized, bold, centered]
Bird R B, Stewart W E. (1960).Lightfoot E N. Transport Phenomena. New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc, 75
Henry R C, Lewis C W, Collins J F. (1994).Vehicle-related hydrocarbon source positions from ambient data: the GRACE/SAFER method. Eniron Sci Technol, , 28(5): 823-832
Ma Tingxi, Lu Xueshu. (1992).Computer aided analysis of the peration of mounted tillage implement. In: Zhang Wei, Guo Peiyu, Zhang Senwen, eds. Agricultural Engineering and Rural Development: Vol I. Beijing: International Academic Publishers, 157-160(in Chinese)
Young L C. (1974). The Application of Orthogonal Collocation to Laminar Flow Heat and Mass Tran论文范文er in Monolith Converters. Ms D Thesis. Washington: University of Washington,
Larsen C E, Trip R, Johnson C R. (1995-01-25). Methods for Procedures Related to the Electrophysiology of the heart. US Patent 5 529 067.
APHE. (1985). Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC,
Xie Xide. (1998-12-25). Creating new way to study. People's Daily, (10)
Chescheir G M, Westerman P W. (1984). Rapid Methods for Determining Fertilizer Value of Livestock Manures. ASAE paper No.84-4082. Michigan: American Society of Agricultural Engineering
Chaplin M. (2003). Guar gum. sbu.ac.uk/water/hygua.html,
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Functionality
Extendibility
Reliability
Privacy
Security
Usability
Flexibility
Connectivity
Figure 1. The web of system performance
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